Theology, Cosmology, and Philosophy Practice Test

The key idea here is the moral argument for God’s existence. It starts from the claim that objective moral values and duties exist—things that are right or wrong independent of what anyone thinks. If such moral facts are real in a robust, mind-independent way, there must be a grounding for them beyond human opinions or social conventions. Naturalism or materialism tends to tie morality to subjective attitudes, evolutionary advantages, or cultural agreements, which makes moral values seem contingent and not truly universal. The moral argument, by contrast, suggests that only a transcendent, necessary being—God—can provide the sort of objective, binding standards that moral facts require. In short, the existence of objective morality points to a moral lawgiver, making this the best fit for an argument for God’s existence. Other options don’t address grounding moral objectivity in the same way: naturalism and materialism explain morals without a transcendent anchor, miracles describe extraordinary events rather than a defense of moral grounding, and they don’t directly connect morality to a divine source.